Liver: A prospective single-center clinicopathologic case series study involving the postmortem histopathological exam of major organs of 11 deceased patients with COVID-19 reported hepatic steatosis findings in all patients. The liver specimens of 73% of patients demonstrated chronic congestion. Different forms of hepatocyte necrosis were noted in 4 patients, and 70% showed nodular proliferation.[73]
In traditional vaccine development, the live pathogen is inactivated or attenuated empirically by repeated passaging through cultured cells. The weakened pathogen is administered, and the immune system responds by producing antibodies. This approach works well for simple pathogens with highly conserved structures. However, for difficult pathogens, such as those with high rates of mutations and large numbers of different strains, this approach is not feasible to develop an effective vaccine that provides lasting protection. Notorious examples of difficult pathogens include the influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To create vaccines that provide efficient, long-lasting protection from the flu or HIV/AIDS, broadly neutralizing antibodies are required.
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Instead of administering live or attenuated pathogens and simply observing the results, new technology allows rationally designed vaccines that consist of antigens, a delivery system, and adjuvants that are uniquely tailored to induce a specific and predictable immune response. The principle of reverse-engineering is used to identify the target epitopes from the neutralizing antibodies. Knowledge about mechanisms of protection, effector mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in processing the pathogen and adjuvants is used to design peptides that act as specific immunogenic epitopes. Rational vaccine design incorporates multiple cellular and molecular approaches to gain broader understanding of the viral pathology to identify more opportunities for specific vaccine targets. 2ff7e9595c
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